All conditions that cause the white part of the eye to appear red are referred to as “red eye.” Diseases that lead to redness of the eye have a variety of causes.
Here are some common conditions that cause red eye:
• Subconjunctival hemorrhage
• Viral or bacterial conjunctivitis
• Allergic conjunctivitis
• Foreign body in the eye
• Corneal inflammation (Keratitis)
• Uveitis
• Glaucoma
• Dry eye
Subconjunctival Hemorrhage:
It causes a vivid red appearance on the sclera, the normally white part of the eye. It may start as a small area and then spread, often resolving spontaneously within a week without the need for medication. It occurs due to the rupture of tiny blood vessels in the transparent membrane called the conjunctiva, either due to trauma or spontaneously. If subconjunctival hemorrhages recur frequently or result from trauma, it is important to consult an eye doctor to check for underlying diseases or eye damage. Systemic hypertension, which can also cause spontaneous nosebleeds, may lead to subconjunctival hemorrhage. Excessive dosage of blood thinning medications or bleeding disorders can also cause this type of bleeding.
Viral or Bacterial Conjunctivitis:
If you experience redness, discharge, and crusting of the eyes, it could be infectious conjunctivitis. It often accompanies respiratory tract infections and can affect one or both eyes. It spreads through contact or shared objects. If you have symptoms of infectious conjunctivitis, it is important to separate your towels and pillows, wash your hands frequently, and avoid touching your eyes with your hands. To expedite healing and prevent further complications, it is essential to see an eye doctor.
Allergic Conjunctivitis:
This non-infectious form of conjunctivitis is characterized by watery eyes, itching, and redness. It is often experienced during the spring months but can persist throughout the year. It may be accompanied by sneezing and coughing. Allergic conjunctivitis should be treated to alleviate symptoms and prevent or detect early signs of conditions like keratoconus, which can develop due to continuous eye rubbing. Treatment options include eye drops, oral medication in severe cases, or immunotherapy for more severe diseases.
Foreign Body in the Eye:
When a foreign object enters the eye, it can cause a constant sensation of stinging, burning, pain, and redness. Individuals working in occupations where foreign objects are likely to enter the eye, such as welding, may sometimes notice the foreign body in their eyes days later, leading to infection and redness of the cornea. Attempting to remove the foreign body with paper or any other object can cause more damage to the pupil. Treatment involves the removal of the foreign body by an eye doctor under a microscope, followed by the use of appropriate antibiotic eye drops and keeping the eye closed for 1-2 days to allow the epithelial layer to heal.
Keratitis:
Keratitis refers to an infection of the cornea, the transparent dome-shaped front part of the eye. Viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections can lead to keratitis. It manifests with symptoms such as redness, pain, stinging, and sensitivity to light. Prompt treatment is necessary as it can result in permanent visual impairment.
Glaucoma:
In certain types of glaucoma, redness of the eyes can occur. If you experience headaches, eye pain, nausea, blurred vision, pupil enlargement, and redness of the eye, it is important to seek immediate medical attention. These symptoms could indicate an acute glaucoma crisis. If left untreated, it can lead to permanent blindness.
Dry Eye:
If there is a decrease in tear production or excessive evaporation from the eye surface, it can result in dryness, causing a sensation of stinging, burning, and the eyelids rubbing against the front layers of the eye, leading to redness. Treatment options recommended by an eye doctor include artificial tear drops and increased water consumption to alleviate the condition.